In doing so, be sure to delineate the differences among the various levels of measurement. Current Issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16. Provide an in-depth discussion of levels of measurement. The three main sources of crime data include official reports from the police, surveys of victims, and self-reports from offenders. The difference between height scores is quantifiable, e.g. Yet, the distinction between a measure that constitutes a 'penalty' and one that . Most national-level official data are compiled through the voluntary reporting of local-level agencies 17,000 law enforcement agencies nationwide for arrests; a sample of 300 prosecutors offices nationwide for prosecution data, for example. Most measurement of crime emanates from two major data sources. an independent variable on a dependent variable. 1 0 obj 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 The least precise rates thus have the most influence. Generally measurement is the most important and difficult phase of criminal justice research. >> 556 889 500 500 333 1000 500 333 944 778 In their paper, McCleary, Wiebe, and Turbow also demonstrated the potential biases created by screening respondents to select out rare subgroups of interest. The least amount of information is included in nominal scales. Response errors across self-report and administrative surveys. Street Crime, Corporate Crime, and White-Collar Crime, 1.13. 1 exhibit and 59 references Additional Details Agencies NIJ Date Published: January 1, 2000 /Font << C}%a zw? x>$'0{_,k5;;nn ^ $Iw;A%,>0ti]x0 . \Q\P2[`NdA>!~^ojbFy?W.O=.v/=Ss4Nj[b\`6/bI d6*8t ?JxO _b]fgkMQN#Jiu/lOeTT9H# T}SRxq(O"*(n4`S:74%G-p`kQ-hs3 jtq0\n("[JYk Furthermore, extreme rates (high or low) are often the result of inherent variability (noise) rather than true extremes in the phenomenon. 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 Myth: Police Only Write Speeding Tickets to Harass Citizens and it is Entrapment., 7.1. /FirstChar 32 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 For example, if I had a survey item asking for a respondents favorite professional sport, I might code the answer options this way: What is your favorite professional sport? Not a MyNAP member yet? 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 Substantive Law: Physical Punishment Sentences, 3.10. Reliability refers to the fact whether a particular measurement technique, applied repeatedly to the same thing, will yield the same result each time. The federal budget for data on crime and justice is modest and has not grown in nearly two decades. \text{Expense}&&\text{Credit}&\text{Debit}\\ 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 For example, Thornberry and Krohn (Chapter 3) argue that it is likely that both validity and reliability would be improved if we experimented with alternative items for measuring the same behavior and identified the strongest ones. McCleary, Wiebe, and Turbow suggest using multiple data sources and questions on the same item to develop an estimate of the prevalence and magnitude of the bias for an item and adjust for it statistically.. /Parent 2 0 R /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPSMT %PDF-1.5 The Role of the Legislature. Like at the international level, within the Croatian legal framework rehabilitation is a relevant consideration at different procedural stages. e!pZzX] 3+V[BfC.mRH=gQw_&p( /p_3 We will also spend some time talking about evidence-based practices, discussed in greater detail later. The levels of measurement are used throughout the social sciences, and criminology and criminal justice is no exception. Measuring crime is quite complex and requires an understanding of different data sets and how we use them. discrete variables Similar to nominal or ordinal variables. Raghunathan. Such problems include nonreporting and false reporting, nonstandard definitions of events, difficulties associated with asking sensitive questions, sampling problems such as coverage and nonresponse, and an array of other factors involved in conducting surveys of individuals and implementing official data reporting systems. Because criminal justice encompasses so many different fields, salaries can vary significantly depending on your specialization, training, and location. Paper commissioned for the Committee on Law and Justice, Workshop on Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research, July 2000, National Research Council, Washington, DC. /Parent 3 0 R A change in _____ measures demonstrated correlation. 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 556 The classic survey sampling problems of response and coverage are of special concern when attempting to measure stigmatized and other deleterious events. This leads to imprecision and misunderstandings. In essence, an operational definition is a description of the operations undertaken in ______ a concept. [m TxG^RcRm]P3+Fq ;yY3Kj+;>(JHM+ gloifBD These differences are called levels of measurement A variable's level of measurement tells us how precisely a researcher can describe it And, determines how you can analyze a . Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. What is the level of measurement for each of the following variables? Beth M. Huebner, Timothy S. Bynum. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The researchers found that: The 401,288 state prisoners released in 2005 had 1,994,000 arrests during the 9-year period, an average of 5 arrests per released prisoner. 2 0 obj A variable's level of measurement describes how precisely it has been measured. 4 levels of measurement Here are the four levels of measurement that you can use to organize your data and perform a statistical analysis: 1. Variables represent different levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Researchers also observe a _____ to which the experimental stimulus has not been administered. << uuid:8d4873c8-f8b0-57ba-3920-205d5acc4bc4 Levels of Measurement - Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology: A Text and Reader Levels of Measurement There are four levels of measurement for variables, starting with nominal. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Cw Being exhaustive means that the researcher should be able to classify _____. Current Issues: Use of Force and Vehicle Pursuits, 6.10. In Levels of Measurement, I explain the meaning of the four major levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 675 675 The National Crime Victimization Survey, a general population survey designed to cover the extent, nature, and consequences of criminal victimization, has been conducted annually since the early1970s. In other words, conclusions about cause and effect may be _____in some systematic way. /F5 14 0 R endobj Typically the independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the effect. 4 0 obj As noted above, crime and victimization are rare events. >> 333 1000 389 333 722 778 444 722 250 333 /Widths [250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 aggregate patterns of behavior are so regular. These measures can not be logically ordered. 444 480 200 480 541 778 500 778 333 500 For example, hate crimes, crimes committed by youth, and crimes committed against vulnerable subpopulations including children, the elderly, and people with disabilities have all been the subject of recent investigations and legislation. Edited volume that includes papers covering methodological and analytical issues related to the measurement of crime and the functioning of the criminal justice system. For results to be valid it is essential that he experimental and control groups be as _____ as possible. Not every measure will be available in every state, and the measures themselves are but one piece of a larger project to bring more tools and transparency to the criminal justice system. The numbers next to the sports do not rank them in level of importance, international popularity, television ratings, or anything else. 2022-06-30; the dangers of tradition commonlit . << 7 0 obj One can take interval- and ratio-level variables and then turn them into ordinal or nominal. For the variable to be useful in research, researchers must be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable. << In fact, shear modulus measurement has several features that may be advantageous over (Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility: Fundamentals and Developments). LockA locked padlock The work as a whole includes chapters on the measurement of criminal typologies, the offenders, offending and victimization, criminal justice organizations, and specialized measurement. /FirstChar 32 Some participants expressed concern that little thought was being paid to the assumptions used to derive inferences on crime and victimization, especially for those regarding specialized populations or geographic areas. 523 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 500 Define the term nominal variable and provide an example not included in the [] Besides convenience to the research participants, one other reason why a researcher might request less specific, nominal, or ordinal data would be to protect anonymity of respondents. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Measurements are performed using an omnidirectional sound source located at least 3 m from the nearest wall according to ISO 14257. The credibility of empirical findings, however, depends on the validity of the maintained assumptions. This approach depends on the availability of a good set of predictorsthat is, detailed dataand the credibility of the assumptions used in the prediction model. There are four levels of measurement for variables, starting with nominal. /FontDescriptor 31 0 R We'll then explore the four levels of measurement in detail, providing some examples of each. Evaluating the impact of nontraditional survey methodologies. There would be no question whether the battle for first or second was a photo finish or if the winner easily defeated the field. 2 0 obj This report reviews (1) the history of the UCR, the NIBRS, and the NCVS; (2) the methods each program uses to collect crime data; and (3) the limitations of the /Keywords (4th Edition; Bachman; Paternoster; Solutions Manual; Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice) The purpose of social scientific theories is to explain why ____ even when the individuals who perform them change over time. Measuring Crime and Crime Victimization: Methodological Issues, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research: Workshop Summary. Criminal cases are brought by the government through the criminal justice system. We cannot do that in reverse, though. A _____ eliminates this possibility because neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control. These data collection systems utilize different methods of measuring criminal behavior. Law enforcement agencies report arrest data for 21 additional crime categories. 500 675 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 The purpose of this article is two-fold: first, it examines the more fundamental changes in knowledge production in criminal justice settings occurring due to over-reliance on the new epistemological transition - on knowledge supposedly generated without a priori theory. >> The Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS) is a state-wide tool that consists of a series of assessment tools that measure the likelihood of recidivism at ten different points in the criminal justice system and inform decisions, among others, on pretrial detention, community supervision, institutional intake and community re-entry (Ohio Department . Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards Cards have an ad free experience! >> Height is clearly a ratio level of measurement example. IN THE FIRST PAPER, 'PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,' THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS DERIVED FROM AN INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TOTAL SOCIAL COST ASSOCIATED WITH CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL AND THE NET COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Section 1.3: Defining and Measuring Crime A crime is an act or omission that is prohibited by law. \hline Nominal levels of measurement simply assign responses or individuals by category (Behavioral Intervention Research: Designing, Evaluating, and Implementing). 2022 School Directors' Conference; . Introduction to the U.S. Court System, 7.3. Ratio-level data can never go below zero. THE SECOND PAPER, 'A CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES,' ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE A LOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DETERMINE A METHODOLOGY OR FAMILY OF METHODOLOGIES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND TO SUGGEST WHICH TOPIC AREAS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN ORDER TO HAVE EVALUATIVE PROCESSES YIELD 'EMPIRICAL TRUTHS.' /Widths [250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 Public attention to crime and victimization often focuses on particular subgroups in which deviant behavior may be most troublesome. This webinar will discuss the importance of using data to identify problematic patterns that need correction as well as best practices that could be replicated. The transitory nature of the different types of criminal activity and of the interests of policy makers presents unique problems for survey designers and researchers. Raghunathan developed a framework for obtaining small or local-area estimates of victimization or crime rates by combining information from surveys and administrative data sources. Evaluations of subgroups or geographic areas that may not be adequately represented or covered by the sampling scheme invariably require researchers to make assumptions. endobj The estimated time for completion of an associate degree in criminal justice is three years. The Appeals Process, Standard of Review, and Appellate Decisions, 7.7. It is difficult, in part, because many basic concepts in criminal justice are difficult to define specifically. >> Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. A brief summary of the topics addressed in the other two commissioned papers appears below. The response should be supported with a minimum of three scholarly references as well as in-text citations, using proper APA format. It discusses particular issues that can arise when using surveys to draw inferences on specific subgroups, and methodological issues associated with measuring crimes in small geographic areas, from papers respectively by Richard McCleary, Douglas Wiebe, and David Turbow and by T.E. Chapter 3, a paper by Terence P. Thornberry and Marvin D. Krohn, is on the strengths and weaknesses of the self-report method in studies of offenders, and how to make improvements. FOR INDIVUDUAL COPIES OF THE FIRST THREE PAPERS, SEE NCJ-035288, 87, AND 89 RESPECTIVELY. a. histogram b. bar chart c. polygon d. pie chart Ans: C Answer Location: The Tabular and Graphical Display of . One discussant summarized this paper as an excellent exposition on why context matters. 1.1. Cliff N . In addition to comparing and contrasting the methodological issues associated with self-report surveys and official records, the workshop explored methods for obtaining accurate self-reports on sensitive questions about crime events, estimating crime and victimization in rural counties and townships and developing unbiased prevalence and incidence rates for rate events among population subgroups. In the previous section, we spent much time trying to understand how to define crime, whereas this section will focus on the task of measuring crime. Corrections officer: $42,820 Current Issues: Internal Affairs and Discipline, 6.14. Identify when each type of data source would be appropriate for different crimes and why. The highest levels of measurement (interval and ratio) are the most informative. That is necessary, as statistical software will not run any tests when the variable attributes are input as words. 14 0 obj >> The problem of threats to internal validity refers to the possibility that conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself. /Type /Page /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding As such, it is important to understand how each program collects and reports crime data, and the limitations associated with the data. The goal of the Committee on Law and Justice and the Committee on National Statistics in convening the workshop, commissioning the papers, and issuing this report is to stimulate further discussion and eventually a greater focus on the importance of improving data collection systems and measurement of crime. Two chapters follow this introduction. This problem has been solved! The four levels of measurement of data are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. << <>>> Because experiments can be costly and time consuming, they are frequently conducted with relatively small numbers of subjects. 2. They are simply for coding purposes, so when this information is input into a statistical package, such as SPSS, Mini Tab, Stata, or SAS, we can use the numbers for analysis. << Congress periodically requires the U.S. Department of Justice to develop new research or data collection efforts to measure crime victimization in specific populations and for small areas. The NCVS and other surveys discussed in this report are large-scale social surveys that rely on self-reports of offenses or victimization. /Count 39 Substantive Law: Defining Crimes, Inchoate Liability, Accomplice Liability, and Defenses, 3.8. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs and National Institute of Justice. 'PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR EVALUATION OF LEAA AND CJS PROGRAMS,' ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF CJS AND LEAA EVALUATION FROM PRIMARILY THREE POINTS OF VIEW - SYSTEM-LEVEL AGGREGATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM STATISTICS, AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR EVALUATION. Research shows that criminal justice involvement has a negative effect on people's physical and mental health, 2 - 4 employment and earnings, 5 marriage and family life, 5, 6 and access to housing opportunities, 7 among other areas. Substantive Law: Monetary Punishment Sentences, 3.11. CountyWe measure criminal justice performance at the county level because it is usually at this level that charging, disposition, and sentencing decisions are made. Interval-level data can go below zero, so a good example of data at this level would be the air temperature. Criminal Justice Salaries. Day-to-day communication is made possible through general but often vague and unspoken agreements about the use of terms. ^N.k48}P2N GIz"0%UVI]Yi26%J>Cb?5%7n mIIM `F8,Gq{1)Qh Spending for criminal justice activities accounts for just over 3 cents of every dollar in public spending (about $74 billion) less than 1% of Federal spending, more than 6% of spending by the States, and nearly 7% of local spending. Nomothetic explanation settles for ______. THESE FOUR WORKING PAPERS PRESENT RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR SYSTEM-WIDE DATA ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT FOR EVALUATION. . Part IThere is a minimum word requirement is a total of 1,300 words. Without being able to agree on a conceptual definition, operationalizing and measuring concepts is _____. The response should be supported with a minimum of three scholarly references as well as in-text citations, using proper APA format. Social Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboo, and Laws, 1.5. Criminal Justice Education & Training Standards. Paper commissioned for the Committee on Law and Justice, Workshop on Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research, July 2000, National Research Council, Washington, DC. I once supervised a student thesis on drug use in college. John Wiley & Sons, Apr 28, 2016 - Social Science - 600 pages. The term legislature refers to lawmaking assemblies such as the Congress of the United States or the lawmaking bodies of all the states.Legislatures have many important functions in the criminal justice system. The participants focused on the importance of two overriding issues: (1) there are significant and substantive measurement problems with the existing surveys that are likely to remain unresolved without additional funding support; (2) priorities need to be established so that the available resources devoted to these issues can be used most effectively. endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 453 333 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 /Type /Pages 2018-01-17T12:53:32+02:00 /Title (Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 4th Edition Bachman Solutions Manual) endobj Then we move on to the reliability of measurement, including consideration of true score theory and a variety of reliability estimators. Official data such as UCR arrest data have a different set of problems. justice system, it stands to reason that these levels of measurement would be used by any one An estimated 68% of released prisoners were arrested within 3 years, 79% within 6 years, and 83% within 9 years. \text{Liability}&&\text{Debit}&\\ 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 667 444 540 333 333 300 330 500 750 750 750 500 Nominal measurement Nominal measurement organizes data by labeling items in mutually exclusive categories. /Outlines 3 0 R 4 0 obj stream 667 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 Following the workshop, the authors were invited to revise their papers in response to the workshop discussion. Federal Appellate Review of State Cases, 7.8. However, if your doctor is planning your treatment, a full lipid profile is needed (Heart health: answers at your fingertips). The key standards for measurement quality are _____. The problem, however, is that many of the national surveys, such as the National Victimization Survey, though large enough to yield national. Structure of the Courts: State Courts, 7.5. American Trial Courts and the Principle of Orality, 7.6. /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R] /Subject (Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 4th Edition Bachman Solutions ManualInstant Download) /F1 10 0 R /Author (Bachman) /Contents 21 0 R /LastChar 255 The most conventional type of experiment in the natural and the social sciences involves three major pairs of components: (1) independent and dependent variables, (2) pretesting and post-testing, and (3) experimental and control groups. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. The measurement issues discussed include, but certainly are not limited to, the following: Improving reliability. THESE PAPERS WERE DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR THE USE OF THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF EVALUATION OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE. Balancesheetaccounts:AssetLiabilityStockholdersEquity:CapitalStockRetainedEarningsDividendsIncomestatementaccounts:RevenueExpenseIncreasCredit(g)CreditDecreaseDebitCreditCreditNormalBalanceDebitCreditCreditDebit. Social scientists study _____ that compose them. Our American system of justice has evolved from the English common law into a complex series of procedures and decisions. In addition to comparing and contrasting the methodological issues associated with self-report surveys and official records, the workshop explored methods for obtaining accurate self-reports on sensitive questions about stigmatized (crime) events, estimating crime and victimization in rural counties and townships, and developing unbiased prevalence and incidence rates for rare events among population subgroups. Every variable must have the attribute of being mutually exclusive. Sources of Law: Administrative Law, Common Law, Case Law and Court Rules, 3.7. /FontDescriptor 29 0 R Criminal / By admin. Microsoft Word - Bachman, Stats 4e Ch 2 Discussion Group Problems2018-01-17T12:53:32+02:00 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 500 500 500 In a door-to-door survey, residents of a neighborhood are asked how many times over the past year they (or anyone in their household) /Contents [15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R] There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Every variable should have an important attribute of being exhaustive. A Brief History of The Philosophies of Punishment, 8.7. Representatives of two federal agencies, the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Institute of Justice, also participated. This phase can take approximately 9-12 months postoperatively. \text{Balance sheet accounts:}\\ Measures. Screening refers to the basic survey methods used to identify cases or subgroups of interest (Morrison, 1985; Thorner and Remein, 1961; U.S. Commission on Chronic Illness, 1957). Chapter 2, a paper by Roger Tourangeau and Madeline E. McNeeley, is on methodological issues in measuring crime and crime victimization. 389 400 275 400 541 778 500 778 333 500 Ratio level variables have all of the features of nominal, ordinal, and interval variables plus the added benefit of an absolute zero. 444 394 220 394 520 778 500 778 333 500 \text{Revenue}&&&\text{Credit}\\ Variables designated as the independent and dependent variables do not always maintain the same designation. If we have the times for everyone who completed the race, we can either use those exact times, rank order them (ordinal), or just label runners as having won or lost (nominal). IncreasDecreaseNormalBalanceBalancesheetaccounts:AssetDebitLiabilityDebitStockholdersEquity:CapitalStockCreditRetainedEarnings(g)CreditDividendsCreditCreditIncomestatementaccounts:RevenueCreditExpenseCreditDebit\begin{array}{lcc} << Interval-level data have equal levels of measurement, a key characteristic that is lacking with ordinal ranks. Public Health Monograph #67. ii. 2018-01-17T12:53:32+02:00 endobj In a general experimental design, subjects are measured on a dependent variable. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding There are 4 levels of measurement: Nominal: the data can only be categorized Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural zero. While the basic idea is both simple and appealing, screening for low-incidence events or cases can lead to substantial and systematic misreporting errors. . /Type /Pages !W8 ZbGKnqoGv v5iX(HQE-GgP#os3['Lk;b/::GOG%=p/xS'{s-4u\:!C 7:dd(C8I+ssf]=XE+CYv{|0Qoez6DIA!M^2JZ@Wxk-`(JQ /Type /Outlines "Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child" Myth/Controversy, 3.3. Courtroom Players: Judges and Court Staff, 7.10. Ready to take your reading offline? /Type /Font Performance measures provide benchmarks about whether or not optimum performance by the criminal justice system (and the entities within it) is being realized and, more importantly, whether the system is achieving what it intends to achieve under the evidence-based decision making (EBDM) framework. 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 Some important subgroups may not be covered at all (e.g., homeless people), and smaller research studies of crimes against these subgroups often have problems of statistical power because of small sample sizes in most cases. /Type /Catalog Raghunathan, T.E. << 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 endobj The design and execution of criminal justice research require that the confusion over concepts and reality is removed. No numerical value or rank is implied by this level of assessment. ). These subjects are called _____, Government agencies and nongovernment organizations (including universities) that conduct research involving human subjects must establish review committees. /Subtype /TrueType >> The central features of the classical experiment are variables, time order, measures, and groups. 6 0 obj << endobj IN THE FIRST PAPER, 'PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,' THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS DERIVED FROM AN INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TOTAL SOCIAL COST ASSOCIATED WITH CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL AND THE NET COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
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