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Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Think meditation might help? Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Loss of appetite. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Feeling tired. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. 3. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. d. both b and c. 2. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. The heart rate slows . One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). C) the severity and duration of the problem. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. 1. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Sore throat. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Causes. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Not able to pass stool or gas.